Are Plurality, First-Past-the-Post, Consent of the Governed, and Majority who submits a ballot; all the same thing?
No. They are not the same thing.
Though one of them is most inclusive of the others; the others can describe a voting system quite different than each other.
Plurality: The concept where the "winner" simply gets at least one more vote than the other competition on the ballot. This allows for the most corruption to enter government. This, in its simplest form, literally is Mob-Rule, the rule of the few over the many.
First-Past-the-Post: A concept, where the finish-line post is not known until after the race ends. Much the same as Majority who submits a ballot. Since we rarely know how many people will submit consenting ballots, the majority / post is not know before the race begins. This makes it slightly more difficult for corruption to enter government.
Consent of the Governed: Includes the other three. This accounts for absolutely every person registered as a voter. With 110 registered voters; the post is at 50%. That means that the first to get 50% + 1 registered voter to consent - wins. (In this example of the total number of consenting votes must be 56; one more than half.) This also is a plurality, in that in order to get at least one vote more than 50%, the winner will generally have at least 2 votes more than the closest competition, thus, plural, more than one. This requires the most people to be in agreement.
Though one of them is most inclusive of the others; the others can describe a voting system quite different than each other.
Plurality: The concept where the "winner" simply gets at least one more vote than the other competition on the ballot. This allows for the most corruption to enter government. This, in its simplest form, literally is Mob-Rule, the rule of the few over the many.
First-Past-the-Post: A concept, where the finish-line post is not known until after the race ends. Much the same as Majority who submits a ballot. Since we rarely know how many people will submit consenting ballots, the majority / post is not know before the race begins. This makes it slightly more difficult for corruption to enter government.
Consent of the Governed: Includes the other three. This accounts for absolutely every person registered as a voter. With 110 registered voters; the post is at 50%. That means that the first to get 50% + 1 registered voter to consent - wins. (In this example of the total number of consenting votes must be 56; one more than half.) This also is a plurality, in that in order to get at least one vote more than 50%, the winner will generally have at least 2 votes more than the closest competition, thus, plural, more than one. This requires the most people to be in agreement.